![]() To be as minimally restrictive as possible, such parametrizations require a masterful application of physical reasoning and an intuitive understanding of the underlying physics ( Fig. It is, therefore, important to start off by limiting the space of possible designs to a specific parametrization of the possible microarchitectures. ![]() That is because the space of all possible microarchitectural designs is too large and complex to be realistically canvassed by any viable computational method available today. Starting off from a specific design idea not only is important for such hybrid approaches but also is required when trying to solve the actual inverse problem associated with any specific objective. Such design ideas are then supported by parametric studies in which “forward” computational models are used to relate the designed microarchitectures to the large-scale properties. ![]() The vast majority of studies found in the literature, therefore, start off with a design idea that stems in physical reasoning. However, solving such inverse design problems is often notoriously difficult. In their purest form, rational design approaches aim at solving an inverse design problem in which the microarchitectures giving rise to a specific set of physical parameters are sought. In this context, the term “rational” highlights the contrast with “creative” or “artistic” design approaches that rely on one’s artistic, creative, and (even) intuitive design capabilities. The methods applied for such a design purpose often rely on physical reasoning, analytical models, and computational models and are collectively referred to as “rational design” approaches. When designing metamaterials, the principal design objective is to devise small-scale architectures that give rise to a desired set of large-scale properties. We will particularly focus on mechanical and biomedical metamaterials. This editorial will, therefore, focus on highlighting the most important trends seen in the current research into metamaterials that target properties and functionalities beyond optics and electromagnetism. Moreover, the guest editors’ expertise and the topic of the many of the articles published in this special issue is non-electromagnetic metamaterials. Electromagnetic and optical metamaterials have been extensively reviewed in other (recent) papers. ![]() In this editorial, we try to focus on the most important recurrent themes not only in the studies published within this special issue but also in the relevant literature, in general. The current special issue presents a collection of selected articles from various areas of research within the broad spectrum of designer materials that are referred to as “metamaterials.” It, therefore, features multiple studies employing elements from all the three above-mentioned trends. 19,22–27 Third, the development and widespread availability of computational techniques, including those based on artificial intelligence (AI), as well as readily available computational capacity in the form of cloud computing, 28,29 distributed computing, 30,31 GPU (graphic processing unit) computing, 32,33 parallel computing, 34,35 and TPU (tensor processing unit), 36,37 has enabled improved canvassing of the space of possible designs and more powerful approaches to the rational design of metamaterials. In particular, it is now possible to fabricate functional materials and structures at different length scales, 13–16 from different materials, 17–21 and with arbitrarily complex distributions of multiple phases with vastly different mechanical and physical properties within one single construct. Second, the additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, which are also referred to as 3D printing techniques, have come of age during the last decade. First, the design of metamaterials that was initially limited to optical and electromagnetic properties has now expanded to mechanical (both quasi-static and elastodynamic), 1,2,183 acoustic, 3–5 biomedical, 6–10 and thermal 11,12 properties. This unprecedented growth has primarily happened at the intersection of three major developments that have reinforced each other and have facilitated the study of metamaterials. The last decade has witnessed an explosive growth in the breadth and depth of the studies aiming to design, simulate, fabricate, and characterize metamaterials of different kinds.
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